| Chapter Realia |
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1. Quis Aureliae crines pectebat? Who was combing Aurelia's hair? Quis is the interrogative pronoun,masc. or fem. singular, thus who. "was combing"...pectebat is in the imperfect tense, on going action.
2. Whose hair was the slave woman combing? The hair of whom...indicating singular form thus choose cuius... Cuius crimes ancilla pectebat.
3. Porcus quidam per viam currebat. porcus is masc. sg. nominative case thus quidam...note the qui form...is also masc. sg., nominative case and agrees with porcus. "was running" on going action...pig may still be running- thus imperfect tense. A certain pig was running through the street.
4. I saw a certain pig in the street. In this case the pig is the direct object of saw and thus in the accusative case. Certain must agree with it, thus certain is in the accusative masc. sg. form. Porcum quendam in via vidi. Note that vidi is in the perfect tense...finished action, no one is still seeing the pig. Note also the spelling of quendam...the acc. form of what or whom in the masc. acc. sg. is quem (quum would be a bit strange) but the m changes to n for pronunciation ease before the d of dam.
5. Cur homo iratus erat? Why was the man angry? Interrogative sentence. A simple sentence which needs no explanation. It was probably included in this exercise to remind you that one can ask questions with words other that quis and quid. If you forgot what cur means, remember is one is curious, one asks "why" often.
6. The man was angry because he was lying in the mud. I quess so! Not a very pleasant place to be. Homo iratus erat quod in luto iacebat. Again, a reminder that quod can be what as a relative pronoun or adjective and it can mean because when used as a conjunction. Note here that the main clause, homo iratus erat, contains NO NEUTER word, thus there is no antecedent with which quod can agree. Iacebat is again in the imperfect tense to indicate that the poor chap may still be there.
7. Quem poetam in via vidisti? What poet did you see (have you seen) in the street. Note here that poetam is a masculine word albeit it looks as if it were feminine because it is in the first declension. Since poetam is masculine, sg. and accusative case, one sees quem as an interrogative adjective which agrees with this noun and thus asks what poet... Did you see...finished action, thus in the perfect tense. Vid- is the root for the present system...present, imperfect and future tenses as well as the perfect system...perfect, imperfect and pluperfect tenses. One recognizes this form as perfect because of the terminus...isti.
8. I saw a certain poet reciting verses. Poetam quendam versus recitantem vidi. In the previous sentence one read that quem modified the masculine poetam. In this sentence, the quem changes to quendam to mean "a certain..." Check sentence number 4 to see why there is this spelling change if you do not recall the reason. Recitantem means reciting. The verb recito, recitare means to recite. By removing the -re from the infinitive and adding - ns ( nom. sg. forms) or -ntis (gen. sg. forms and root by removing the -is and adding third declension endings) one achieves the present participle form which means -ing in English. Try this by creating the walking dog, of a walking dog, to a walking dog, walking dog as a direct object and cum a walking dog. Answers at the end of this activity.
9. Quae femina glires emere vult? What woman wants to buy dormice? Anyone you know? As with number 7 sentence, the interrogative word is again an adjective. Quae is nominative feminine sg. and can also be feminine and neuter nominative plural. We see that it modifies femina a fem. sg. nom. form. Note that if one wishes to say Who wants to buy... one uses Quis, not Quae but in number 7,...Whom did you see...in lieu of what poet did you see... one uses the interrogative pronoun Quem, which is the same as the interrogative adjective. Thus, once again, quis, quid are used as the nominative singualur forms and the neuter accusative singular form of an interrogative pronoun AND ALL OTHER FORMS ARE THE SAME as the relative pronoun.
10. How angry the woman is! Quam irata est femina! Quam is used to mean how as well as being the relative or interrogative pronoun or adjective in the feminine sg. accusative case. If one were to be given the Latin sentence as asked to translate it, one knows that quam means "how" since there cannot be an accusative case in this sentence. The verb to be cannot take a direct object and there is no preposition in the sentence...ergo quam must mean "how".
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Answers to the walking dog...
canis ambulans
canis ambulantis
cani ambulanti
canem ambulantem
cane ambulante ( note that one does not use the adjective third declension - i ending for the present participle even though the participle is an adjective!) Try your hand at some other present participle forms.
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