| Moods |
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These two tenses were presented first because their formation is rather simple.
For the imperfect, you will recall that you use the infinitive and add personal endings:
| Active | Passive | ||
| portarem | portaremus | portarer | portaremur |
| portares | portaretis | portareris | portaremini |
| portaret | portarent | portaretur | portarentur |
For the pluperfect, use the 3rd principal part and add personal endings. For the passive of the pluperfect, follow the same directions as with the pluperfect passive indicative, using the imperfect subjunctive of "to be" in place of the imperfect indicative of "to be":
| Active | Passive | ||
| portavissem | portavissemus | portatus essem | portatus essemus |
| portavisses | portavissetis | portatus esses | portatus essetis |
| portavisset | portavissent | portatus esset | portatus essent |
In the first conjugation, the -a of the present indicative becomes -e in the present subjunctive. In all other conjugations, the vowel -a is used to indicate the present subjunctive. In the 2nd conjugation the -a is added to the characteristic -e. In the 3rd, the -a replaces the -i, -o, -u , but in the 3rd io and 4th conjugations, the -a follows the -i.
The chart on p. 257 of your text works well but cave - audiam, iaciam, mittam can be future indicative as well as present subjunctive. The same applies to the passive voice of these forms: audiar, iaciar, mittar.
You must know the conjugation to which a verb belongs in order to understand the mood and tense of the verb now. No longer can you say...ie = future tense.
N.B. Deponent verbs: use the same rules, just ignore the active voice.
Horter (Let me urge) v. Hortor (I urge)
The present subjunctive will be used in clauses are were the two tenses you have already been using but it can also stand alone in what is referred to as the hortatory subjunctive. Hortor means I urge, thus this form is an urging one. Let's go - eamus Servus id faciat Let the slave do that., etc.
| esse | VERY IRREGULAR !!!!si- is the root and of course there is no passive voice of "to be" |
| velle, nolle, malle | velim, velis, velit, etc. |
| ferre | feram, feras, ferat, etc. |
| ire | eam, eas, eat, etc. |
| fiere | fiam, fias, fiat, etc. (what is a Fiat in English?) |
This is the tough one. It looks a lot like the future perfect indicative except for the 1st person: ero v. erim. The presence of an introductory word such as ut, ne, quid etc. will clue you in to the fact it is subjunctive. Remember most future perfect forms are in conditional (if ... then...) clauses.
The stem is the 3rd principal part as with the perfect indicative. Add eri + personal endings. E.G. neglegav + eri + m = neglegaverim. The only change thereafter is the personal ending. Add -s,-t,-mus-tis,-nt as the subject demands.
The passive form, as with the passive of the pluperfect, will follow the same format. Use the 4th principal part and the present subjective of the verb "to be"....sim, sis, sit etc.
REMEMBER! The perfect is perfectly normal even if the verb is irregular. Use the 3rd or 4th principal part and apply the same rules, such as fuerim for to be and tulerim and latus sim for carry.
Joan Jahnige November 1998 (Updated 2005)
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