| Verbs |
|
Comes from the principal parts of verbs. The first principal part (Present Active Indicative) furnishes no stem. Therefore, the present stem comes from the 2nd p.p. (Present Active Infinitive). The perfect stem comes from the 3rd princial part (Perfect Active Indicative), and the participle stems comes from the 4th princial part (Perfect Passive Participle).
Present stem: drop -re off the 2nd p.p. (Present Active Indicative)
Perfect stem = drop -i off the 3rd p.p. (Perfect Active Indicative)
Participle stem = drop -us of the 4th p.p. (Perfect Passive Participle)
| Present | Perfect | Passive | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| -o/-m | -mus | -i | -imus | -r | -mur |
| -s | -tis | -isti | -istis | -ris | -mini |
| -t | -nt | -it | -erunt | -tur | -ntur |
Tense indicator - 1 of 3 vowels: -a, -e, -i/-u
Formation: Present stem + present personal endings
Translation: common, progressive, emphatic (I sing, I am singing, I do sing)
| 1st sg. | cantô | moneô | regô | audiô |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2nd sg. | cantâs | monês | regis | audîs |
| 3rd sg. | cantat | monet | regit | audit |
| 1st pl. | cantâmus | monêmus | regimus | audîmus |
| 2nd pl. | cantâtis | monêtis | regitis | audîtis |
| 3rd pl. | cantant | monent | regunt | audiunt |
Tense indicator: -ba
Formation: Present stem + - ba + present personal endings
Translation: was/were -ing, used to ..., kept on -ing, etc. Incomplete action in the past.
| 1st sg. | cantâbam | monêbam | regêbam | audiêbam |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2nd sg. | cantâbâs | monêbâs | regêbâs | audiêbâs |
| 3rd sg. | cantâbat | monêbat | regêbat | audiêbat |
| 1st pl. | cantâbâmus | monêbâmus | regêbâmus | audiêbâmus |
| 2nd pl. | cantâbâtis | monêbâtis | regêbâtis | audiêbâtis |
| 3rd pl. | cantâbant | monêbant | regêbant | audiêbant |
Tense indicator: -bi (1st and 2nd conj.) or -e (3rd, 3io, and 4th conj.)
Formation: Present stem + bi/e)
Translation: will/shall
| 1st sg. | cantâbô | monêbô | regam | audiam |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2nd sg. | cantâbis | monêbis | regês | audiês |
| 3rd sg. | cantâbit | monêbit | reget | audiet |
| 1st pl. | cantâbimus | monêbimus | regêmus | audiêmus |
| 2nd pl. | cantâbitis | monêbitis | regêtis | audiêtis |
| 3rd pl. | cantâbunt | monêbunt | regent | audient |
Tense indicator: perfect personal endings
Formation: Perfect stem + perfect personal endings
Translation: -ed past tense, have/ has -ed, did (completed action in the past - "I have done it," (it is now done) as opposed to the imperfect "I was doing it" (but it wasn't necessarily done).
| 1st sg. | cantâvî | monuî | rexî | audîvî |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2nd sg. | cantâvistî | monuistî | rexistî | audîvistî |
| 3rd sg. | cantâvit | monuit | rexit | audîvit |
| 1st pl. | cantâvîmus | monuîmus | rexîmus | audîvîmus |
| 2nd pl. | cantâvistis | monuistis | rexistis | audîvistis |
| 3rd pl. | cantâvêrunt | monuêrunt | rexêrunt | audîvêrunt |
Tense indicator: -era-
Formation: Perfect stem + era + present personal endings (imperfect tense of sum)
Translation: had -ed. Even futher in the past than the perfect tense, used to put events in perspective, such as in conditional sentences (you will come across these in the near future)
| 1st sg. | cantâveram | monueram | rexeram | audîveram |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2nd sg. | cantâverâs | monuerâs | rexerâs | audîverâs |
| 3rd sg. | cantâverat | monuerat | rexerat | audîverat |
| 1st pl. | cantâverâmus | monuerâmus | rexerâmus | audîverâmus |
| 2nd pl. | cantâverâtis | monuerâtis | rexerâtis | audîverâtis |
| 3rd pl. | cantâverant | monuerant | rexerant | audîverant |
Tense indicator: -eri-
Formation: Perfect stem + eri + present personal endings (future tense of sum)
Translation: will/shall have -ed. Indicates completed action in the future, that something will be completed in the future.
| 1st sg. | cantâverô | monuerô | rexerô | audîverô |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2nd sg. | cantâveris | monueris | rexeris | audîveris |
| 3rd sg. | cantâverit | monuerit | rexerit | audîverit |
| 1st pl. | cantâverimus | monuerimus | rexerimus | audîverimus |
| 2nd pl. | cantâveritis | monueritis | rexeritis | audîveritis |
| 3rd pl. | cantâverint | monuerint | rexerint | audîverint |
| Copyright © 2008, KET |